The article discusses the global trend of declining human fertility and Nepal's unique situation within that trend. The global fertility transition has now been progressing for two centuries and still not all countries have begun their fertility declines. But in a recent list of countries, Nepal also shows declining fertility. The author argues that Nepal's fertility transition is of particular interest in three ways. 1) The low per capita income at which it is occurring. 2) The difficult topography of the country, which divides the population into those with easy access to the outside world, have joined the global economy, and exhibit declining fertility and those without roads or schools who are still characterized by stable high fertility. 3) The reliance for most fertility control on sterilization. (Rajeev Ranjan Singh 2006-10-29)